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Programming

SNOBOL (String Oriented Symbolic Language)

SNOBOL is a programming language developed in the 1960s capable of symbol and free-form string manipulation that was of particular value to early computer-based Humanities research. SNOBOL4 was the final version released by AT&T Bell Laboratories.

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Analysis

FORTRAN

FORTRAN (from 'formula translating system') was a major programming language first developed by IBM in the late 1950s. While originally intended for science and engineering, with substantial drawbacks for users seeking to conduct text processing, its wide availability in academic computing centres neverthless made it an attractive choice for Humanities scholars seeking to automate research processes.

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Natural Language Processing

COMIT

COMIT was an early string processing programming language developed for IBM 700/7000 computers at MIT from the late 1950s to mid 1960s. It was particularly designed for linguistics and natural language processing, and was taught to humanists to aid their research in the 1960s.

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Programming

COBOL

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a programming language first developed for business applications in the late 1950s. It was frequently referenced by humanists interested in applying computers and algorithms to their research, though infrequently used.

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Programming

ALGOL

ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) was a programming language developed in the mid 1950s and often discussed in relation to humanities research applications, such as concordances or computational linguistics.

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Search

EULER

EULER was a general programming language proposed as a successor to and with many of the characteristics of ALGOL 60. Extended EULER, which included string-handling facilities based on ALGOL W, was useful to humanities research for search, frequency count and related operations on text.

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PL/C

PL/C (Programming Language Cornell) was a programming language based on PL/I developed at Cornell University in the early 1970s as an entry-level language to facilitate programming instruction. It was occasionally used to introduce humanists to programming concepts, though it is unclear whether it was used for humanities-oriented research in its own right.

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SPITBOL

SPITBOL (Speedy Implementation of SNOBOL) was a complied implementation of SNOBOL4 with additional features, such as string reversal, of particular interest to researchers in the humanities.

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Programming

ProIcon

ProIcon was an implementation and expansion of the Icon programming language for Macintosh computers developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Though still best described as a programming language, it was also referred to as a text study and manipulation system, and as an information system. ProIcon functioned as a program development system, with an included an editor and an error handling system, and was compatible with Icon 7.

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Programming

AWK

AWK is a programming language well suited to text processing first developed at Bell Labs in the late 1970s. It was particularly useful to humanists in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and was notably used to develop parts of the ARTFL project.

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