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EULER

EULER was a general programming language proposed as a successor to and with many of the characteristics of ALGOL 60. Extended EULER, which included string-handling facilities based on ALGOL W, was useful to humanities research for search, frequency count and related operations on text.

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Search

PL/C

PL/C (Programming Language Cornell) was a programming language based on PL/I developed at Cornell University in the early 1970s as an entry-level language to facilitate programming instruction. It was occasionally used to introduce humanists to programming concepts, though it is unclear whether it was used for humanities-oriented research in its own right.

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Search

SPITBOL

SPITBOL (Speedy Implementation of SNOBOL) was a complied implementation of SNOBOL4 with additional features, such as string reversal, of particular interest to researchers in the humanities.

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Programming

ProIcon

ProIcon was an implementation and expansion of the Icon programming language for Macintosh computers developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Though still best described as a programming language, it was also referred to as a text study and manipulation system, and as an information system. ProIcon functioned as a program development system, with an included an editor and an error handling system, and was compatible with Icon 7.

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Programming

AWK

AWK is a programming language well suited to text processing first developed at Bell Labs in the late 1970s. It was particularly useful to humanists in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and was notably used to develop parts of the ARTFL project.

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Natural Language Processing

Prolog

Prolog is a general purpose programming language first developed in the early 1970s with a particular value to computational lingusitics. Within the humanities, it was applied to natural language processing.

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Natural Language Processing

LISP

LISP is a longstanding high-level programming language first developed in the late 1950s. Within the humanities, it was applied to computational linguistics and natural language processing research.

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Natural Language Processing

Umigon

Umigon is a tool used for the sentiment analysis of texts. It is one of the tools of the Nocode app which is a suite of text analysis tools. Results can be exported in Excel or CSV format for further analysis. It was formerly a stand alone web-based and open-source tool for the sentiment analysis of tweets. From a person's Twitter handle, Umigon retrieved that account's tweets and processed them for sentiment while accounting for factual statements (ex: "I hate war" will be classified has negative, and "war in Syria" will be classified as neutral). Tweets could also be pasted manually in the entry box provided. Beyond sentiment analysis, Umigon could identify characteristics such as whether the tweet contains a question, whether it contains possible promotional/commercial subject matter, or temporal indicators based on tense. The developer of this application can be reached on Twitter. As of April 2022, Umigon has been archived after a long period without new developments.

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Visualization

Discursis

Discursis is a tool for analyzing text-based natural language with a focus on sequential analysis. It is particularly desgined to work with texts that have an internal temporal structure, such as a transcribed conversation. For each text, it generates a statistics-based internal language model and applies tagging to each temporal unit detected. The model and tagging are then used as the basis for an interactive visualization which permits examination at a various levels of granularity, ranging from a whole-text to a unit-by-unit level; it can also show topic usage patterns within the text. Users must purchase a license; both student and academic trial licenses are available.

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Visualization

Leximancer

Leximancer is an application for identifying key concepts in a text, and exploring the results through interactive visualizations and data exports. It includes concept and network cloud visualizations, a sentiment lens, a query system, and multiple data export options for futher analysis. The system accepts texts in a variety of formats including plain text, CSV, HTML and XML, and supports 17 languages beyond English. Users can either purchase a license for the desktop version (Windows and OS X supported), or purchase access to the online LexiPortal, which charges based on months of usage rather than on a subscription basis. A free trial of the LexiPortal is also available.

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